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<title>Forced displacement</title>

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Forced displacement

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;">

General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Immigration_by_country" title="Immigration by country">Immigration by country</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_by_immigrant_and_emigrant_population" title="List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population">List of immigrant populations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_country" title="Immigration country">Immigration country</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">Immigration policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li>

<li>Forced displacement</li>

<li><a href="Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">Internal migration</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;">

History and law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a></li>

<li><a href="Asylum_shopping" title="Asylum shopping">Asylum shopping</a></li>

<li><a href="Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li>

<li><a href="Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_and_crime" title="Immigration and crime">Crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_detention" title="Immigration detention">Detention</a></li>

<li><a href="Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a></li>

<li><a href="Externalization_(migration)" title="Externalization (migration)">Externalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigrant_investor_programs" title="Immigrant investor programs">Immigrant investor programs</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_tariff" title="Immigration tariff">Immigration tariff</a></li>

<li><a href="Indefinite_leave_to_remain" title="Indefinite leave to remain">Indefinite leave to remain</a></li>

<li><a href="Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">Net migration rate</a>

<li><a href="Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">Non-refoulement</a></li>

<li><a href="Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">Permanent residency</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Pushback_(migration)" title="Pushback (migration)">Pushback</a></li>

<li><a href="Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extradition" title="Extradition">Extradition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Residence_permit" title="Residence permit">Residence permit</a></li>

<li><a href="Return_migration" title="Return migration">Return migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li>

<li><a href="Safe_third_country" title="Safe third country">Safe third country</a></li>

<li><a href="People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Smuggling</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigrant_surveillance" title="Immigrant surveillance">Surveillance</a></li>

<li><a href="Voluntary_return" title="Voluntary return">Voluntary return</a></li></ul></div></div>

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</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;">

Social processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a> (<a href="Acculturation_gap" title="Acculturation gap">Acculturation gap</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Birth_tourism" title="Birth tourism">Birth tourism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anchor_baby" title="Anchor baby">Anchor baby</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_babies" title="Satellite babies">Satellite babies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Economic_effects_of_immigration" title="Economic effects of immigration">Economic effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Expatriate" title="Expatriate">Expatriate</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Human capital flight</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_migration" title="Human migration">Human migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_assimilation#Immigrant_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Immigrant assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_consultant" title="Immigration consultant">Immigration consultant</a></li>

<li><a href="Integration_of_immigrants" title="Integration of immigrants">Integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Migration_background" title="Migration background">Migration background</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugee_crisis" title="Refugee crisis">Refugee crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_migration" title="Student migration">Student migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Visa_fraud" title="Visa fraud">Visa fraud</a></li></ul></div></div>

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</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;">

Political Theories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Replacement_migration" title="Replacement migration">Replacement migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">Social cohesion</a></li>

<li><a href="Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Push_and_pull_factors_in_migration" title="Push and pull factors in migration">Push and pull factors</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Foot_voting" title="Foot voting">Foot voting</a></li></ul></div></div>

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</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;">

Causes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Chain_migration" title="Chain migration">Chain migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic migrant">Economic migrant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">Foreign worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Global labor arbitrage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Weaponized_migration" title="Weaponized migration">Weaponized</a></li></ul></div></div>

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</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;">

Opposition and reform</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li>

<li><a href="White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></div></div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Forcibly displaced people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">108.4 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (2022)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugees</a></th><td class="infobox-data">34.6 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Internally_displaced_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced people">Internally displaced people</a></th><td class="infobox-data">57.3 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">Asylum seekers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.9 million</td></tr></tbody></table>

Forced displacement (also forced migration or forced relocation) is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region. The <a href="United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a> defines "forced displacement" as follows: displaced "as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence or <a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violations".<a href="#cite_note-UNHCRtrends-2">[2]</a>

A forcibly displaced person may also be referred to as a "forced migrant", a "displaced person" (DP), or, if displaced within the home country, an "<a href="Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced person</a>" (IDP). While some displaced persons may be considered <a href="Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>, the latter term specifically refers to such displaced persons who are receiving legally defined protection and are recognized as such by their country of residence and/or <a href="International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>.

Forced displacement has gained attention in international discussions and policy making since the <a href="European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>. This has since resulted in a greater consideration of the impacts of forced migration on affected regions outside Europe. Various international, regional, and local organizations are developing and implementing approaches to both prevent and mitigate the impact of forced migration in the home regions as well as the receiving or destination regions.<a href="#cite_note-:82-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAID-5">[5]</a> Additionally, some collaboration efforts are made to gather evidence in order to seek prosecution of those involved in causing events of human-made forced migration.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR2-6">[6]</a> An estimated 100 million people around the world were forcibly displaced by the end of 2022, with the majority coming from the <a href="Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div>

<a href="Government" title="Government">Governments</a>, <a href="Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>, other <a href="International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a> and social scientists have defined forced displacement in a variety of ways. They have generally agreed that it is the forced removal or relocation of a person from their environment and associated connections. It can involve different types of movements, such as flight (from fleeing), <a href="Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">evacuation</a>, and <a href="Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a>.

<ul><li>The <a href="International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> defines a forced migrant as any person migrating to "escape persecution, conflict, repression, natural and human-made disasters, ecological degradation, or other situations that endanger their lives, freedom or livelihood".<a href="#cite_note-forcedmigration.org-9">[9]</a></li>

<li>According to <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, forced displacement is "the forced movement of people from their locality or environment and occupational activities," with its leading cause being <a href="Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:62-10">[10]</a></li>

<li>According to researcher Alden Speare, even movement under immediate threat to life contains a voluntary element as long as an option exists going into hiding, or attempting to avoid persecution. According to him "migration can be considered to be involuntary only when a person is physically transported from a country and has no opportunity to escape from those transporting him [or her]." This viewpoint has come under scrutiny when considering direct and indirect factors which may leave migrants with little to no choice in their decisions, such as imminent threats to life and livelihood.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinctions_between_the_different_concepts">Distinctions between the different concepts</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a> and <a href="Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></div>

<ul><li>A migrant who fled their home because of economic hardship is an <a href="Economic_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic migrant">economic migrant</a>, and strictly speaking, not a displaced person.</li>

<li>If the displaced person was forced out of their home because of economically driven projects, such as the <a href="Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in China, the situation is referred to as <a href="Development-induced_displacement" title="Development-induced displacement">development-induced displacement</a>.</li>

<li>A displaced person who left their home region because of political persecution or violence, but did not cross an international border, commonly falls into the looser category of <a href="Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced person</a> (IDP), subject to more tenuous international protection. In 1998, the <a href="United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">UN Commission on Human Rights</a> published the <a href="Guiding_Principles_on_Internal_Displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement">Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement</a>, defining internally displaced people as: "persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or leave their homes or places of habitual residence in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border."</li>

<li>If the displaced person has crossed an international border and falls under one of the <a href="Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">relevant international legal instruments</a>, they may be able to apply for asylum and can become a <a href="Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> if the application is successful.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Although often incorrectly used as a synonym for displaced person, the term <a href="Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> refers specifically to a legally recognized status that has access to specific legal protections. Loose application of the term refugee may cause confusion between the general descriptive class of displaced persons and those who can legally be defined as refugees.</li>

<li>Some forced migrants may, due to the country of residence's legal system, be unable to apply for asylum in that country. Thus, even though they meet the <a href="Refugee_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugee Law">international law definition of a refugee</a> they are unable to claim <a href="Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> and become recognised by their host country as refugees.</li>

<li>A displaced person crossing an international border without permission from the country they are entering or without subsequently applying for asylum may be considered an <a href="Illegal_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant">illegal immigrant</a>.</li>

<li>Forced migrants are always either IDPs or displaced people, as both of these terms do not require a legal framework and the fact that they left their homes is sufficient. The distinction between the terms displaced person and forced migrant is minor; however, the term displaced person has an important historic context (e.g. <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_the_term_displaced_person">History of the term displaced person</h4></div>

The term displaced person (DP) was first widely used during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, following the subsequent refugee outflows from <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Although DP began as a synonym for refugee, the <a href="Office_of_Military_Government%2C_United_States" title="Office of Military Government, United States">Office of Military Government, United States</a> differentiated the terms. While refugees were almost always a citizen of the country they were in, DPs were always a citizen of a member of the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>; <a href="Enemy_alien" title="Enemy alien">enemy aliens</a> were not DPs regardless of location.<a href="#cite_note-ziemke1975-14">[14]</a> In this context, DP specifically referred to an individual removed from their native country as a <a href="Prison" title="Prison">prisoner</a> or a <a href="Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">slave laborer</a>. Most war victims, political refugees, and DPs of the immediate post-<a href="Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a> War period were Ukrainians, Poles, other <a href="Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, and citizens of the Baltic states (Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians) who refused to return to Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe.

A. J. Jaffe claimed that the term was originally coined by <a href="Eugene_M._Kulischer" title="Eugene M. Kulischer">Eugene M. Kulischer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The meaning has significantly broadened in the past half-century.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_examples">Causes and examples</h2></div>

Bogumil Terminski distinguishes two general categories of displacement:

<ul><li>Displacement of risk: mostly conflict-induced displacement, deportations and disaster-induced displacement.</li>

<li>Displacement of adaptation: associated with voluntary migration, development-induced displacement and environmentally induced displacement.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_causes">Natural causes</h3></div>

Forced displacement may directly result from <a href="Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> and indirectly from the subsequent impact on <a href="Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, food and water access, and local/regional economies. Displacement may be temporary or permanent, depending on the scope of the disaster and the area's recovery capabilities. <a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is increasing the frequency of major natural disasters, possibly placing a greater number of populations in situations of forced displacement.<a href="#cite_note-:13-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-18">[18]</a> Also <a href="Crop_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop failure">crop failures</a> due to <a href="Blight" title="Blight">blight</a> and/or <a href="Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> fall within this category by affecting people's access to food. Additionally, the term <a href="Environmental_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental refugee">environmental refugee</a> represents people who are forced to leave their traditional habitat because of environmental factors which negatively impact their livelihood, or even environmental disruption i.e. biological, physical or chemical change in ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-:22-19">[19]</a> Migration can also occur as a result of slow-onset <a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, such as <a href="Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> or <a href="Sea-level_rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-level rise">sea-level rise</a>, of deforestation or <a href="Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_forced_displacement_caused_by_natural_disasters">Examples of forced displacement caused by natural disasters</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="January_2025_Southern_California_wildfires" title="January 2025 Southern California wildfires">January 2025 Southern California wildfires</a>: LA Fires displacing approximately 200,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li>

<li><a href="2004_Indian_Ocean_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a>: Resulting from a 9.1 earthquake off the coast of North Sumatra, the Indian Ocean Tsunami claimed over 227,898 lives, heavily damaging coastlines throughout the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> As a result, over 1.7 million people were displaced, mostly from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and India.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li>

<li><a href="Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> (2005): Striking New Orleans, Louisiana, in late August 2005, Hurricane Katrina inflicted approximately US$125 billion in damages, standing as one of the costliest storms in United States history.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> As a result of the damage inflicted by Katrina, over one million people were internally displaced. One month after the disaster, over 600,000 remained displaced. Immediately following the disaster, New Orleans lost approximately half of its population, with many residents displaced to cities such as Houston, Dallas, Baton Rouge, and Atlanta. According to numerous studies, displacement disproportionally impacted Louisiana's poorer populations, specifically African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li>

<li><a href="2011_East_Africa_drought" title="2011 East Africa drought">2011 East Africa drought</a>: Failed rains in Somalia, Kenya, and Ethiopia led to high livestock and crop losses, driving majority pastoralist populations to surrounding areas in search of accessible food and water.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In addition to seeking food and water, local populations' migration was motivated by an inability to maintain traditional lifestyles.<a href="#cite_note-:13-17">[17]</a> According to researchers, although partly influenced by local armed conflict, the East African drought stands as an example of climate change impacts.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human-made_causes">Human-made causes</h3></div>

Human-made displacement describes forced displacement caused by political entities, criminal organizations, conflicts, human-made environmental disasters, development, etc. Although impacts of natural disasters and blights/pests may be exacerbated by human mismanagement, human-made causes refer specifically to those initiated by humans. According to <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, armed conflict stands as the most common cause behind forced displacement, reinforced by regional studies citing political and armed conflict as the largest attributing factors to migrant outflows from Latin America, Africa, and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-:62-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_forced_displacement_caused_by_criminal_activity">Examples of forced displacement caused by criminal activity</h4></div>

<ul><li>Displacement in <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> due to <a href="Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">cartel</a> violence: Throughout Mexico, drug cartel, paramilitary, and self-defense group violence drives internal and external displacement.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-29">[29]</a> According to a comprehensive, mixed methodology study by Salazar and Álvarez Lobato, families fled their homes as a means of survival, hoping to escape homicide, extortion, and potential kidnapping. Using a collection of available data and existing studies, the total number of displaced persons between 2006 and 2012 was approximately 740 thousands.<a href="#cite_note-:42-29">[29]</a></li>

<li>Displacement in <a href="Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> due to cartel/gang violence: A major factor behind US immigrant crises in the early 21st century (such as the <a href="2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">2014 immigrant crisis</a>), rampant gang violence in the <a href="Northern_Triangle_of_Central_America" title="Northern Triangle of Central America">Northern Triangle</a>, combined with corruption and low economic opportunities, has forced many to flee their country in pursuit of stability and greater opportunity. Homicide rates in countries such as <a href="El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> and <a href="Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> reached some of the highest in the world, with El Salvador peaking at <a href="List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">103 homicides per 100,000 people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-31">[31]</a> Contributing factors include extortion, territorial disputes, and forced gang recruitment, resulting in some estimates of approximately 500,000 people displaced annually.<a href="#cite_note-:5-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li>

<li>Displacement in <a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> due to conflict and drug-related violence: According to researchers Mojica and Eugenia, Medellín, Colombia around 2013 exemplified crime and violence-induced forced displacement, standing as one of the most popular destinations for <a href="IDPs" class="mw-redirect" title="IDPs">IDPs</a> while also producing IDPs of its own. Rural citizens fled from organized criminal violence, with the majority pointing to direct threats as the main driving force, settling in Medellín in pursuit of safety and greater opportunity. Within Medellín, various armed groups battled for territorial control, forcing perceived opponents from their homes and pressuring residents to abandon their livelihoods, among other methods. All in all, criminal violence forced Colombians to abandon their possessions, way of life, and social ties in pursuit of safety.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_forced_displacement_caused_by_political_conflict">Examples of forced displacement caused by political conflict</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="1949%E2%80%931956_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1949–1956 Palestinian exodus">1949–1956 Palestinian exodus</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li>

<li><a href="Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">1950-1951 exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a>: according to some, caused because the Turkish support of the USA during the <a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Communist ideologies, Islamophobia and Anti-Turkism also played a role.</li>

<li><a href="Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>: Throughout the Vietnam War and in the years preceding it, many populations were forced out of Vietnam and the surrounding countries as a result of armed conflict and/or persecution by their governments, such as the <a href="Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>. This event is referred to as the <a href="Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a>, with millions displaced across Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a>: Throughout and after the 12-year conflict between the Salvadoran government and the <a href="Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_National_Liberation_Front" title="Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front">FMLN</a>, Salvadorans faced forced displacement as a result of combat, persecution, and deteriorating quality of life/access to socioeconomic opportunities. Overall, one in four Salvadorans were internally and externally displaced (over one million people).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li>

<li><a href="2021_Myanmar_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 Myanmar coup d'état</a>: Since the coup d’état of 1 February 2021, the Burmese military's ascendancy into power has resulted in widespread chaos and violence, aggravated by the refusal of large sections of the public to accept a military regime given the country's experiences during the second half of the 20th and early years of the 21st century. As a result, many in the public sector have initiated strikes,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and the country has seen elevated levels of forced displacement, both internally displaced persons (IDPs) (208,000 since 1 February 2021) and refugees fleeing abroad (an estimated 22,000 since 1 February 2021).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The particular political conflict causing the displacement has been flagged as symptomatic of that of a state on the brink of collapse. Two key indicators of this that have been highlighted are firstly, that levels of security have been severely reduced to the point where citizens are no longer protected from violence by the state; and secondly, goods and services are not being reliably supplied to citizens either by the ousted government or by the new military leadership, primarily as a result of the instability created and the strikes triggered.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> These internal problems are further reflected by the withdrawal of international recognition by both governmental and non-governmental bodies.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaza_Strip_evacuations" title="Gaza Strip evacuations">Gaza Strip evacuations</a>, since the start of the <a href="Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a> on 27 October 2023, over 85% of the population has been displaced.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">2023 Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians</a>: Following <a href="2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">Azerbaijan's military offensive</a>, over 99% of the population comprising over 100,000 people fled to Armenia.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_forced_displacement_caused_by_human-made_environmental_disasters">Examples of forced displacement caused by human-made environmental disasters</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires" title="2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires">2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires</a>: Although human-made fires are a normal part of Amazonian agriculture, the 2019 dry season saw an internationally noted increase in their rate of occurrence. The rapidly spreading fires, combined with efforts from agricultural and logging companies, has forced Brazil's indigenous populations off their native lands.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li>

<li><a href="Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>: A nuclear meltdown on April 26, 1986, near <a href="Pripyat" title="Pripyat">Pripyat, Ukraine</a> contaminated the city and surrounding areas with harmful levels of radiation, forcing the displacement of over 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine of Ireland</a>: Between 1845 and 1849, potato blight, exacerbated by policy decisions and mismanagement by the U.K. government, caused millions of Irish people, largely potato-dependent tenant farmers, to starve or eventually flee the country. Over one million perished from subsequent famine and disease, and another million fled the country, reducing the overall Irish population by at least a quarter.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_human-made_displacement">Other human-made displacement</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a>/<a href="Human_smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Human smuggling">smuggling</a>: Migrants displaced through deception or coercion with purpose of their exploitation fall under this category. Due to its clandestine nature, the data on such type of forced migration are limited. A disparity also exists between the data for male trafficking (such as for labor in agriculture, construction etc.) and female trafficking (such as for sex work or domestic service), with more data available for males. The <a href="International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> considers trafficking an offense against labor protection, denying companies from leveraging migrants as a labor resource. ILO's Multilateral Framework includes principle no. 11, recommending that "Governments should formulate and implement, in consultation with the social partners, measures to prevent abusive practices, migrant smuggling and people trafficking; they should also work towards preventing irregular labor migration."</li>

<li><a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a>: Historically, <a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> has led to the displacement of individuals for <a href="Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a>, with the <a href="Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a> of the 15th through 19th century <a href="Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> standing as a notable example. Of the 20 million Africans captured for the trade, half died in their forced march to the African coast, and another ten to twenty percent died on slave ships carrying them from Africa to the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-:3-48">[48]</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a>: The systematic removal of ethnic or religious groups from a territory with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous. Examples include the Catholic removal of <a href="Salzburg_Protestants" title="Salzburg Protestants">Salzburg Protestants</a>, the removal of Jewish people during the <a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, and the deportation of North American indigenous peoples (e.g., <a href="Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>).</li>

<li>Suppressing political opposition: For example, the <a href="Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">forced settlements in the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">population transfer in the Soviet Union</a> including <a href="Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">deportation of the Crimean Tatars</a>, <a href="Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">deportation of the Chechens and Ingush</a>, <a href="Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="Deportation_of_the_Soviet_Greeks" title="Deportation of the Soviet Greeks">deportation of the Soviet Greeks</a>, and <a href="Deportations_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Deportations of the Ingrian Finns">deportations of the Ingrian Finns</a></li>

<li>Aligning ethnic composition with artificial political border: For example <a href="Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)</a>, <a href="Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish population transfers (1944–1946)</a>, and <a href="Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonization</a>: For example, the British governments transportation of <a href="Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">Convicts in Australia</a>, <a href="American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> and others' attempt to create a country for <a href="African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> in <a href="Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> as <a href="Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, Japanese settlers in <a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> following <a href="Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a>, and the Chinese military settlement of <a href="Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a> in <a href="Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditions_faced_by_displaced_persons">Conditions faced by displaced persons</h2></div>

Displaced persons face adverse conditions when taking the decision to leave, traveling to a destination, and sometimes upon reaching their destination.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:102-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:112-51">[51]</a> Displaced persons are often forced to place their lives at risk, travel in inhumane conditions, and may be exposed to exploitation and abuse. These risk factors may increase through the involvement of smugglers and human traffickers, who may exploit them for illegal activities such as drug/weapons trafficking, forced labor, or sex work. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-52">[52]</a> Displaced persons may also seek the assistance of <a href="Human_smugglers" class="mw-redirect" title="Human smugglers">human smugglers</a> (such as <a href="Coyote_(person)" title="Coyote (person)">coyotes</a> in Latin America) throughout their journey.<a href="#cite_note-:132-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:142-54">[54]</a> Given the illegal nature of smuggling, smugglers may take use dangerous methods to reach their destination without capture, exposing displaced persons to harm and sometimes resulting in deaths.<a href="#cite_note-:132-53">[53]</a> Examples include abandonment, exposure to exploitation, dangerous transportation conditions, and death from exposure to harsh environments.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:142-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

In most instances of forced migration across borders, migrants do not possess the required documentation for legal travel. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-52">[52]</a> As a result, displaced persons may face <a href="Detention_(confinement)" title="Detention (confinement)">detainment</a> and <a href="Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal punishment</a>, as well as physical and <a href="Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a>. Various studies focusing on migrant health have specifically linked migration to increased likelihood of depression, anxiety, and other psychological troubles.<a href="#cite_note-:102-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:112-51">[51]</a> For example, the United States has faced criticism for its recent policies regarding migrant detention, specifically the detention of children. Critics point to poor detention conditions, unstable contact with parents, and high potential for long-term trauma as reasons for seeking policy changes.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Displaced persons risk greater poverty than before displacement, financial vulnerability, and potential social disintegration, in addition to other risks related to human rights, culture, and quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-:12-60">[60]</a> Forced displacement has varying impacts, dependent on the means through which one was forcibly displaced, their geographic location, their protected status, and their ability to personally recover. Under the most common form of displacement, armed conflict, individuals often lose possession of their assets upon fleeing and possible upon arrival to a new country, where they can also face cultural, social, and economic discontinuity.<a href="#cite_note-:62-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_to_forced_displacement">Responses to forced displacement</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_response">International response</h3></div>

Responses to situations of forced displacement vary across regional and international levels, with each type of forced displacement demonstrating unique characteristics and the need for a considerate approach. At the international level, international organizations (e.g. the <a href="UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>), NGOs (<a href="M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Doctors without Borders</a>), and country governments (<a href="United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a>) may work towards directly or indirectly ameliorating these situations.<a href="#cite_note-:82-3">[3]</a> Means may include establishing internationally recognized protections, providing clinics to migrant camps, and supplying resources to populations.<a href="#cite_note-:72-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAID-5">[5]</a> According to researchers such as Francis Deng, as well as international organizations such as the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, an increase in <a href="Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">IDPs</a> compounds the difficulty of international responses, posing issues of incomplete information and questions regarding state sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:82-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> State sovereignty especially becomes of concern when discussing protections for IDPs, who are within the borders of a sovereign state, placing reluctance in the international community's ability to respond.<a href="#cite_note-:9-64">[64]</a> Multiple landmark conventions aim at providing rights and protections to the different categories of forcibly displaced persons, including the <a href="1951_Refugee_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Refugee Convention">1951 Refugee Convention</a>, the <a href="1967_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Protocol">1967 Protocol</a>, the <a href="Kampala_Convention" title="Kampala Convention">Kampala Convention</a>, and the <a href="Guiding_Principles" title="Guiding Principles">1998 Guiding Principles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-60">[60]</a> Despite internationally cooperation, these frameworks rely on the international system, which states may disregard. In a 2012 study, Young Hoon Song found that nations "very selectively" responded to instances of forced migration and internally displaced persons.<a href="#cite_note-:9-64">[64]</a>

World organizations such as the United Nations and the <a href="World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, as well as individual countries, sometimes directly respond to the challenges faced by displaced people, providing humanitarian assistance or <a href="Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">forcibly intervening</a> in the country of conflict. Disputes related to these organizations' neutrality and limited resources has affected the capabilities of international humanitarian action to mitigate mass displacement mass displacement's causes.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> These broad forms of assistance sometimes do not fully address the multidimensional needs of displaced persons. Regardless, calls for multilateral responses echo across organizations in the face of falling international cooperation. These organizations propose more comprehensive approaches, calling for improved conflict resolution and capacity-building in order to reduce instances of forced displacement.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_response">Local response</h3></div>

Responses at multiple levels<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and across sectors is vital.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> A research has for instance highlighted the importance of collaboration between businesses and non-governmental organizations to tackle resettlement and employment issues.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

Lived in experiences of displaced persons will vary according to the state and local policies of their country of relocation. Policies reflecting national exclusion of displaced persons may be undone by inclusive urban policies. Sanctuary cities are an example of spaces that regulate their cooperation or participation with immigration law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-:2-72">[72]</a> The practice of urban membership upon residence allows displaced persons to have access to city services and benefits, regardless of their legal status.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Sanctuary cities have been able to provide migrants with greater mobility and participation in activities limiting the collection of personal information, issuing identification cards to all residents, and providing access to crucial services such as health care.<a href="#cite_note-:2-72">[72]</a> Access to these services can ease the hardships of displaced people by allowing them to healthily adjust to life after displacement.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_prosecution">Criminal prosecution</h3></div>

Forced displacement has been the subject of several trials in local and international courts. For an offense to classify as a <a href="War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>, the civilian victim must be a "<a href="Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">protected person</a>" under <a href="International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a>. Originally referring only categories of individuals explicitly protected under one of the four <a href="Geneva_Conventions_of_1949" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conventions of 1949">Geneva Conventions of 1949</a>, "protected person" now refers to any category of individuals entitled to protection under specific <a href="Law_of_war" title="Law of war">law of war</a> treaties.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-74">[74]</a>

In Article 49, the <a href="Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a>, adopted on 12 August 1949, specifically forbade forced displacement<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></blockquote>The <a href="Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a> defines forced displacement as a crime within the jurisdiction of the court:<blockquote class="templatequote">"Deportation or forcible transfer of population" means forced displacement of the people concerned by expulsion or other coercive acts from the area in which they are lawfully present, without grounds permitted under international law.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></blockquote>

<ul><li>Following the end of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="Krupp_trial" title="Krupp trial">Krupp trial</a> was held with a specific charge to the forced displacement of enemy civilian populations for the purpose of <a href="Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a>. The US Military <a href="Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a> concluded that "[t]here is no <a href="International_law" title="International law">international law</a> that permits the <a href="Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> or the use of civilians against their will for other than on reasonable requisitions for the need of the army, either within the area of the army or after deportation to rear areas or to the homeland of the occupying power".<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-74">[74]</a></li>

<li>At the <a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, <a href="Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>, chief jurist in <a href="Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a>, was found guilty, among others for forced displacement of the civilian population.</li>

<li>Several people were tried and convicted by the <a href="International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) for connection to forced displacement during the <a href="Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> in the 1990s. On 11 April 2018, the Appeals Chamber sentenced <a href="Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a> 10 years in prison under Counts 1, 10, and 11 of the indictment for instigating <a href="Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>, <a href="Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a> (forcible displacement), and other inhumane acts (forcible transfer) as <a href="Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> due to his speech in Hrtkovci on 6 May 1992, in which he called for the <a href="Expulsion_of_Croats_from_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Croats from Vojvodina">expulsion of Croats from Vojvodina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Other convictions for forced displacement included ex-Bosnian Serb politician <a href="Mom%C4%8Dilo_Kraji%C5%A1nik" title="Momčilo Krajišnik">Momčilo Krajišnik</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> ex-Croatian Serb leader <a href="Milan_Marti%C4%87" title="Milan Martić">Milan Martić</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> former Bosnian Croat paramilitary commander <a href="Mladen_Naletili%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladen Naletilić">Mladen Naletilić</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and Bosnian Serb politician <a href="Radoslav_Br%C4%91anin" title="Radoslav Brđanin">Radoslav Brđanin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li>

<li>On 17 March 2023, the <a href="International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) issued arrest warrants for <a href="Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Russia's Commissioner for Children's Rights <a href="Maria_Lvova-Belova" title="Maria Lvova-Belova">Maria Lvova-Belova</a> for war crimes of <a href="Child_abductions_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">deportation and illegal transfer of children</a> from <a href="Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">occupied Ukraine</a> to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">Asylum seekers</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate migrant">Climate migrant</a></li>

<li><a href="Development-induced_displacement" title="Development-induced displacement">Development-induced displacement</a></li>

<li><a href="Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Displaced_persons_camps_in_post-World_War_II_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe">Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Divided_family" title="Divided family">Divided family</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_displacement_in_popular_culture" title="Forced displacement in popular culture">Forced displacement in popular culture</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Association_for_the_Study_of_Forced_Migration" title="International Association for the Study of Forced Migration">International Association for the Study of Forced Migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Kampala_Convention" title="Kampala Convention">Kampala Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugees</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugee_employment" title="Refugee employment">Refugee employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugee_women" title="Refugee women">Refugee women</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugee_roulette" title="Refugee roulette">Refugee roulette</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">List of areas depopulated due to climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">List of diasporas</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Betts, Alexander: Forced Migration and Global Politics. Wiley-Blackwell.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJames2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7773440">"Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens"</a>. Citizenship Studies. 18 (2): 208–23. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13621025.2014.886440">10.1080/13621025.2014.886440</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144816686">144816686</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Luciuk, Lubomyr Y.: "Ukrainian Displaced Persons, Canada, and the Migration of Memory," University of Toronto Press, 2000. Migration of people from Mirpur(AJK) for construction of Mangla Dam</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSundhaussen2012" class="citation book cs1">Sundhaussen, Holm (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20100921728">Forced Ethnic Migration</a>. Retrieved June 13, 2012.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (help)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forced_migration" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Forced migration">Forced migration</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indr.org/">International Network on Displacement and Resettlement</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmclajot.net">Pictures of Refugees in Europe</a> – Features by Jean-Michel Clajot, Belgian photographer</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oukloof.riebeeklegacy.org">Oukloof forced removals in the Western Cape of South Africa</a> – A community web site documenting the known history of the forced removal of the residents of Oukloof in the 1960s</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080812234652/http://www.forcedmigration.org/">Forced Migration Online</a> provides access to a diverse range of relevant information resources on forced migration, including a searchable digital library consisting of full-text documents.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.forcedmigration.org/journals/">Back issues of migration journals</a> (Disasters, Forced Migration Review, <a href="International_Journal_of_Refugee_Law" title="International Journal of Refugee Law">International Journal of Refugee Law</a>, International Migration Review and Journal of Refugee Studies)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasylum.org">Eurasylum</a> Many relevant documents on asylum and refugee policy, immigration and human trafficking/smuggling internationally</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idpvoices.org/">IDP Voices</a> Forced migrants tell their life stories</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/">Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Norwegian Refugee Council</a> The leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasfm.org/">The International Association for the Study of Forced Migration</a> brings together academics, practitioners and decision-makers working on forced migration issues.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iom.int/">The International Organization for Migration</a> is a <a href="Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a> with a major role mediating modern migration.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041127181733/http://www.jrs.oupjournals.org/">The Journal of Refugee Studies</a> from <a href="Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> provides a forum for exploration of the complex problems of forced migration and national, regional and international responses.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101192422/http://graduateinstitute.ch/globalmigration">Program for the Study of Global Migration</a>, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/">The Refugee Studies Centre</a>, University of Oxford: a leading multidisciplinary centre for research and teaching on the causes and consequences of forced migration.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726061654/http://www.forcedmigration.org/whatisfm.htm">What is Forced Migration?</a>, an introductory guide for those who are new to the subject.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://migration.org.za">Wits Forced Migration Studies Programme</a>, Africa's leading centre for teaching and research on displacement, migration, and social transformation.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307160735/http://www.womenscommission.org/">Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Segregation_in_countries_by_type_(in_some_countries,_categories_overlap)584" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Segregation_in_countries_by_type_(in_some_countries,_categories_overlap)584" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li>

<li><a href="Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Tal_Committee" title="Tal Committee">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Exodus_of_Muslims_from_Serbia_(1862)" title="Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Greece and Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a></li>

<li><a href="Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_segregation#Saudi_Arabia" title="Religious segregation">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_segregation#Bahrain" title="Religious segregation">Bahrain</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_segregation#Myanmar" title="Religious segregation">Myanmar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Ethnic and racial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_segregation#Bahrain" title="Racial segregation">Bahrain</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_apartheid_in_Brazil" title="Social apartheid in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_exchange_between_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgaria and Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Czechoslovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_population_exchange" title="Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange">Czechoslovakia and Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Dominican Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_situation_in_the_French_suburbs" title="Social situation in the French suburbs">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Nur_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche" title="Nur für Deutsche">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_segregation#Rhodesia" title="Racial segregation">Rhodesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid in South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racial segregation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li>

<li><a href="School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">Massive resistance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_segregation_in_Afghanistan" title="Sex segregation in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_segregation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_segregation_in_public_restrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex segregation in public restrooms">Sex segregation in public restrooms</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist feminism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li>

<li><a href="Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">Exclusionary zoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">Residential segregation in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy (United States)</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>

<li><a href="Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li>

<li><a href="Hafrada" title="Hafrada">Hafrada</a></li>

<li><a href="Majority_minority" title="Majority minority">Majority minority</a></li>

<li><a href="Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rankism" title="Rankism">Rankism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation in India</a></li>

<li><a href="Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li>

<li><a href="Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_apartheid" title="Social apartheid">Social apartheid</a></li>

<li><a href="White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>See also: <a href="Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li>

<li> Category

<ul><li>caste</li>

<li>gender</li>

<li>racial</li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Segregation" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Segregation">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Property479" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Property479" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Property" title="Property">Property</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common</a></li>

<li><a href="Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li>

<li><a href="Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li>

<li><a href="Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li>

<li><a href="Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li>

<li><a href="Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a>

<ul><li><a href="Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li>

<li><a href="Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li>

<li><a href="First_possession_theory_of_property" class="mw-redirect" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a>

<ul><li><a href="Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li>

<li><a href="Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li>

<li><a href="Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li>

<li><a href="Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acequia" title="Acequia">Acequia (watercourse)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ejido" title="Ejido">Ejido (agrarian land)</a></li>

<li><a href="Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li>

<li><a href="Huerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></li>

<li><a href="Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li>

<li><a href="Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li>

<li><a href="Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act%2C_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li>

<li><a href="Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li>

<li><a href="Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_way" title="Right of way">Right of way</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/ <a href="Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li>

<li><a href="Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li>

<li><a href="Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li>

<li><a href="Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Illegal%2C_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li>

<li>spousal

<ul><li><a href="Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li>

<li><a href="Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars (key work)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a>

<li><a href="Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Origin_of_the_Family%2C_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a>

<ul><li><a href="Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>

<ul><li><a href="Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a>

<li><a href="John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li>

<li><a href="Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>

<ul><li><a href="Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li>

<li><a href="Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Categories: Property</li>

<li>Property law

<ul><li>by country</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalization493" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Globalization493" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li>

<li> <a href="Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Complete_economic_integration" title="Complete economic integration">Complete</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_integration" title="Financial integration">Financial integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiscal_union" title="Fiscal union">Fiscal union</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a>

<ul><li><a href="Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li>

<li><a href="International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li>

<li><a href="Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li>

<li><a href="Harmonisation_of_law" title="Harmonisation of law">Harmonisation of law</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a>

<ul><li><a href="Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">Balance of trade</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_outflow" title="Capital outflow">Capital outflow</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">Capital flight</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a>

<ul><li><a href="Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a>

<ul><li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li>

<li><a href="Monetary_sovereignty" title="Monetary sovereignty">Monetary sovereignty</a></li>

<li><a href="Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li>

<li><a href="World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li>

<li><a href="Tariff_engineering" title="Tariff engineering">Tariff engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a>

<ul><li><a href="Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li>

<li><a href="Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li>

<li><a href="Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li>

<li><a href="McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li>

<li><a href="New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li>

<li><a href="North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li>

<li><a href="Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_discrimination_(EU_law)" title="Reverse discrimination (EU law)">Reverse discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li>

<li><a href="World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li>

<li><a href="World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li>

<li><a href="World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li>

<li><a href="Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li>

<li><a href="Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li>

<li><a href="Kevin_O'Rourke_(economist)" title="Kevin O'Rourke (economist)">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li>

<li><a href="Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li>

<li><a href="Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li>

<li><a href="Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li>

<li><a href="Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li>

<li><a href="Barry_K._Gills" title="Barry K. Gills">Barry K. Gills</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li>

<li><a href="Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics/ sociology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li>

<li><a href="Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li>

<li><a href="Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li>

<li><a href="Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li>

<li><a href="Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li>

<li><a href="Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li>

<li><a href="Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non–academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Friedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li>

<li><a href="Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ABusiness" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Substantive_human_rights476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li>

<li><a href="Cruel%2C_inhuman%2C_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li>

<li><a href="Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li>

<li><a href="Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li>

<li><a href="Access_to_justice" title="Access to justice">Access to justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Right to counsel</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li>

<li><a href="Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li>

<li><a href="Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Economic%2C_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li>

<li><a href="Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social security</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Right to water</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual</a> and <a href="Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_rights" title="Family rights">Family rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_circumcision" title="Forced circumcision">Freedom from forced circumcision</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837556#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata931" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837556#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata931" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4063299-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88005789">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000065084&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007532001705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637820">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/87b62448-db6c-4fa5-aefd-2073cc9a550f">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Forced_displacement&oldid=1304495929">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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